Research Update: Testing for Food Allergies

by Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS, DACVIM (Nutrition)

March 06, 2020

in Petfoodology Blog, Pets with Health Conditions, Trending Topics in Pet Nutrition

While food allergies (also called adverse food reaction or ‘AFR’) are uncommon in pets, diagnosing them or ruling them out completely remains a frustrating endeavor for veterinarians and pet owners alike. As the “gold standard” – an elimination diet and re-challenge – is difficult and time-consuming, many pet owners and vets reach for simpler methods such as blood and saliva testing.

What many pet owners and some veterinarians may not realize is that common commercial blood and saliva tests have not been validated – i.e. the results, positive or negative, have not been shown to correspond to actual clinical changes in pets. Put another way, it has never been proven that a positive test equals an allergy or that a negative test means the ingredient is fine for the pet.

While I have had many pet owners and veterinarians report that they see resolution of allergy signs after avoiding ingredients for which the pet has tested positive on blood or saliva tests, I’ve had just as many that report improvement despite being fed positive ingredients (often without the pet owner realizing that the ingredient is included in current food or treats).

Previously, while there was little data to suggest that these tests were effective to identify allergens, there was also not a lot of published data to show that they *didn’t* work. That has changed recently with the publication of two studies that evaluated some of the most common blood and saliva food allergy/sensitivity tests for dogs.

In the first study, which was done in Europe, investigators compared a popular saliva test and a popular blood test in three groups of dogs – those with known food allergies to identified ingredients, healthy dogs with no allergic signs, and dogs with suspected food allergies that were undergoing diet elimination and re-challenge testing.

Between 20-30% of the healthy dogs had a strong positive reaction to one or more foods, depending on the type of the test. Another 53% of healthy dogs had weak positive reactions on the saliva test. In fact, there were more positive saliva reactions in healthy dogs than in allergic dogs! Overall, the number of dogs with positive reactions on the tests was not different between healthy and food allergic dogs. Only 1 of the positive blood tests corresponded to a known allergy in one of the allergic dogs.

In the second study, which was performed here at the Cummings School, 30 healthy dogs were tested with the same saliva test as the European study as well as two popular blood tests here in the US. Between 60-100% of dogs tested positive for one or more foods on each test. Two dogs tested positive for all antigens on one of the blood tests, while a different dog tested positive for all antigens on the saliva test. Keep in mind that these are healthy dogs with no evidence of allergies!

Take Home: Saliva and blood tests for food allergies in dogs do not reliably distinguish between healthy and allergic dogs and should not be used for diagnosis of food allergy! The use of these blood and saliva tests could result in the false identification of a lot of common foods as allergens. Pet owners may then avoid these ingredients in favor of more expensive, more uncommon, and potentially nutritionally riskier exotic ingredients.

While diet elimination is difficult to do correctly, it remains the best option that we have for diagnosis of food allergies in pets.

References:

Udraite Vovk L, Watson A, Dodds WJ, et al. Testing for food-specific antibodies in saliva and blood of food allergic and healthy dogs. Vet J 2019;245:1-6.

Lam ATH, Johnson LN, Heinze CR. Assessment of the clinical accuracy of serum and saliva assays for identification of adverse food reaction in dogs without clinical signs of disease. JAVMA 2019;255:812-816.

adverse food reaction AFR allergies diet elimination food allergy

Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS, DACVIM (Nutrition)

Dr. Cailin Heinze is a Board-certified Veterinary Nutritionist® and the Executive Director and Chief Academic Officer of the Mark Morris Institute, a non-profit organization whose mission is to promote optimal companion animal health by providing educational opportunities for veterinary students and veterinarians in clinical nutrition. She has also done some consulting work for Balance IT, a company that makes software and supplements for home-cooked pet diets. She is an expert in home-cooked diet formulation and general pet nutrition and has a special interest in feeding pets with kidney disease and cancer.